the law of noncontradiction should be done away with, as it was a relic of male-dominated, Western, polarizing thinking. Kripke replied, “Good, let’s get rid of it. Then we can keep it too.”) VALIDITY, SOUNDNESS, COGENCY Validity: An argument is formally valid if its form is such that the conclusion follows from the premises according to the laws of logic. An argument whose form violates the laws of logic is invalid, even if the conclusion is true. An argument is informally valid if it contains no